| 翻訳と辞書 | Ancient higher-learning institutions| Medieval university (Asia)  : ウィキペディア英語版 | 
 
 A variety of ancient higher-learning institutions were developed in many cultures to provide institutional frameworks for scholarly activities. These ancient centres were sponsored and overseen by courts; by religious institutions, which sponsored cathedral schools, monastic schools, and madrasas; by scientific institutions, such as  museums, hospitals, and observatories; and by individual scholars.  They are to be distinguished from the Western-style university which is an autonomous organization of scholars that originated in medieval Europe〔Stephen C. Ferruolo, ''The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100-1215'', (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1985) pp. 4-5 ISBN 0-8047-1266-2〕 and was adopted in other world regions since the onset of modern times (see list of oldest universities in continuous operation).
 == Europe and Near East ==
 
 
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